A kinetic model reveals the critical gating motifs for donor-substrate loading into Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae N -glycosyltransferase

Soluble -glycosyltransferase from (ApNGT) catalyzes the glycosylation of asparagine residues, and represents one of the most encouraging biocatalysts for -glycoprotein production. Since the sugar tolerance of ApNGT is restricted to limited monosaccharides ( , Glc, GlcN, Gal, Xyl, and Man), tremendous efforts are devoted to expanding the substrate scope of ApNGT enzyme engineering. However, rational design of novel NGT variants suffers from an elusive understanding of the substrate-binding process from a dynamic point of view. Here, by employing extensive all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations integrated with a kinetic model, we reveal, at the atomic level, the complete donor-substrate binding process from the bulk solvent to the ApNGT active-site, and the key intermediate states of UDP-Glc during its loading dynamics. We are able to determine the critical transition event that limits the overall binding rate, which guides us to pinpoint the key ApNGT residues dictating the donor-substrate entry. The functional roles of several identified gating residues were evaluated through site-directed mutagenesis and enzymatic assays. Two single-point mutations, N471A and S496A, could profoundly enhance the catalytic activity of ApNGT. Our work provides deep mechanistic insights into the structural dynamics of the donor-substrate loading process for ApNGT, which sets a rational basis for design of novel NGT variants with desired substrate specificity.