Rural–urban migration and its impact on environment and health: evidence from Cumilla City Corporation, Bangladesh

The key objective of this study is to analyze the determinants of migration in the study area with respect to push and pull factors. At the same time, this study also investigates the impact of migration on the environment and public health. A structural equation model has been applied based on primary data that was collected via a questionnaire and an interview survey. The push factors, such as financial problems, employment problems, concern about children's futures, extreme poverty, political causes, and landlessness, have a positive impact on migration. Pull factors such as better facilities, positive information, joint families, demographic factors, and higher income have a positive impact on migration. However, migration has a tremendous impact on environmental degradation and public health vulnerabilities. People should be aware of any planned migration and population distribution in relation to a city's resources and capabilities, as well as increased facilities in rural areas, such as health care facilities, education facilities, and information facilities that are better or equal to those in urban areas. Furthermore, this research contributes to social, political, environmental, and economic issues not only in the study area but also in Bangladesh. However, this study makes significant contributions to existing literature through the enhancement of migration theories, public health, and environmental meditation.