Preparation of Puerarin Long Circulating Liposomes and its Effect on Osteoporosis in Castrated Rats

Osteoporosis is a disease that causes low bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture. Puerarin is a natural isoflavone compound that has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and ameliorative effects on osteoporosis with less adverse reactions. However, its fast metabolism and low oral bioavailability limit its application. This study aimed to prepare d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)- modified Puerarin Long Circulating Liposomes (TPGS-Puerarin-liposomes), in order to improve the oral bioavailability of puerarin, before evaluation of its pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo. We employed film dispersion method to develop TPGS-Puerarin-liposomes before appropriate characterizations. Afterwards, we utilized in vivo imaging, pharmacokinetic analysis and in vitro drug release testing to further evaluate the in vivo and in vitro delivery efficiency. In addition, we established a castrated osteoporosis rat model to observe the changes in femur tissue structure and bone micromorphology via hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Micro Computed Tomography (Micro CT). Besides, levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory indicators, as well as expression of wnt/β-catenin pathway-related proteins were detected. In terms of physiochemical properties, the respective mean particle size (PS) and zeta potential (ZP) of TPGS-Puerarin-liposomes were 76.63±0.59 nm and -25.54±0.11 mV. The liposomal formulation exhibited encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 95.08±0.25% and drug loading (DL) of 7.84±0.07%, along with excellent storage stability. Compared with free drugs, the TPGS-Puerarin-liposomes demonstrated a sustained release effect and could increase blood concentration of puerarin in rats, thereby significantly improving its bioavailability. Also, in vivo studies have confirmed potential of the liposomes to promote bone tissue targeting and accumulation of puerarin, coupled with significant improvement of the osteoporotic status. Besides, the liposomes could also reduce levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in serum and bone tissue. Additionally, we discovered that TPGS-Puerarin-liposomes increased Wnt, β-catenin and T-cell factor (TCF) expressions at protein level in the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study has demonstrated the potential of TPGS-Puerarin-liposomes for treatment of osteoporosis.