Review canine tuberculosis – An emerging concern

Canine mycobacterial disease was first recognised over 100 years ago but is now an emerging concern. All reported cases of tuberculous disease in dogs have been caused by infection with one of three Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex (MTBC) organisms (M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium microti). Molecular PCR and interferon-gamma release assays offer alternative or complementary diagnostic pathways to that of specialist culture, which is limited by availability, sensitivity, and the time it takes to get a result. Optimised triple antimicrobial protocols offer an excellent chance of a successful outcome in dogs where treatment can be considered and is attempted. In this review, the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of canine tuberculosis are discussed. •Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species can infect dogs.•The various manifestations of MTBC infection in dogs are reviewed.•Direct and indirect modalities can be used for the diagnosis of MTBC infection.•Protocols for the treatment of MTBC infection in dogs are discussed.•Factors to consider when treatment decision are reviewed.