Determination of copper status by five biomarkers in serum of healthy women

The essential trace element copper is relevant for many important physiological processes. Changes in copper homeostasis can result from disease and affect human health. A reliable assessment of copper status by suitable biomarkers may enable fast detection of subtle changes in copper metabolism. To this end, additional biomarkers besides serum copper and ceruloplasmin (CP) concentrations are required. The aim of this study was to investigate the emerging copper biomarkers CP oxidase (CPO) activity, exchangeable copper (CuEXC) and labile copper in serum of healthy women and compare them with the conventional biomarkers total serum copper and CP. This observational study determined CPO activity, the non CP-bound copper species CuEXC and labile copper, total serum copper and CP in sera of 110 healthy women. Samples were collected at four time points over a period of 24 weeks. The concentrations of total serum copper and CP were within the reference ranges. The comparison of all five biomarkers provided insight into their relationship, the intra- and inter-individual variability as well as the age dependence. The correlation and Principal Component Analyses (PCA) indicated that CP, CPO activity and total copper correlated well, followed by CuEXC, while the labile copper pool was unrelated to the other parameters. This study suggests that the non-CP-bound copper species represent copper pools that are differently regulated from total copper or CP-bound copper, making them interesting complementary biomarkers to enable a more complete assessment of body copper status with potential relevance for clinical application.