Haptic devices as an educational approach for oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures

Developing the skills of a proficient surgeon with a deep understanding of force requires extensive training and repetitive practice. Traditionally, dental students and surgical trainees observed and participated in procedures using models, animals, or cadavers under expert supervision before performing the procedures independently. To address these challenges, interactive simulators with visuo-haptic features have been introduced in surgical training, providing visual and tactile feedback that replicates the sense of touch through applied forces, vibrations, or motions. Two independent reviewers employed a specific search strategy to explore online databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS). This strategy included keywords such as "haptic device," "education," "oral surgery," "surgery," and "maxillofacial surgery." All types of studies related to maxillofacial surgery, except for case reports, reviews, and eBooks, were considered for inclusion. A total of 22 articles meeting the screening criteria were identified. The use of haptic devices for training dental students in oral surgery, anesthesia, as well as oral and maxillofacial trainees and surgeons in various surgical procedures, was evaluated. Incorporating tactile devices into the training of residents and maxillofacial surgeons offers numerous advantages, including improved technical skills and enhanced patient safety.