Synthetic Cells from Droplet‐Based Microfluidics for Biosensing and Biomedical Applications

Synthetic cells function as biological mimics of natural cells by mimicking salient features of cells such as metabolism, response to stimuli, gene expression, direct metabolism, and high stability. Droplet‐based microfluidic technology presents the opportunity for encapsulating biological functional components in uni‐lamellar liposome or polymer droplets. Verified by its success in the fabrication of synthetic cells, microfluidic technology is widely replacing conventional labor‐intensive, expensive, and sophisticated techniques justified by its ability to miniaturize and perform batch production operations. In this review, an overview of recent research on the preparation of synthetic cells through droplet‐based microfluidics is provided. Different synthetic cells including lipid vesicles (liposome), polymer vesicles (polymersome), coacervate microdroplets, and colloidosomes, are systematically discussed. Efforts are then made to discuss the design of a variety of microfluidic chips for synthetic cell preparation since the combination of microfluidics with bottom–up synthetic biology allows for reproductive and tunable construction of batches of synthetic cell models from simple structures to higher hierarchical structures. The recent advances aimed at exploiting them in biosensors and other biomedical applications are then discussed. Finally, some perspectives on the challenges and future developments of synthetic cell research with microfluidics for biomimetic science and biomedical applications are provided. Synthetic cells are non‐natural cells mimicking natural cells in structure and function. Droplet microfluidics allows for reproducible, tunable, batch production of microdroplets which act as synthetic cells, incorporating functional elements like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrate moieties. Bottom–up construction of these functional elements offers applications in biosensing, drug delivery, and biocatalysis.