Nutritional profile and risk assessment of inorganic elements in enteral and parenteral nutrition formulas

The contents of essential (Ca, Fe, K, Na, P, and Zn) and potentially toxic inorganic elements (As, Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Pb) in enteral and parenteral nutrition formulas were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). A total of 30 enteral formulas, 23 parenteral solution components, and 3 parenteral solutions were analyzed. The elements Ca and K presented the higher contents (72–2918 mg L−1 and 235–2760 mg L−1) while the lowest concentration levels were found for As and Cd (250 µg day−1 and >11 mg day−1). The results indicate the need for strict monitoring, considering that these formulations are often the single patient’s food source. •The inorganic nutritive potential of enteral and parenteral formulas was evaluated.•Enteral and parenteral formulas are safe for consumption regarding As and Cd.•Calcium gluconate and magnesium sulfate can be contamination source for Al and Mn.•Hazard Quotient >1 for Al, Cr, Mn, and Pb in a few samples, indicating risk.•Macro and microelements levels needs to reviewed in long-term enteral therapy.