Passive dynamic walking model with upper body

This paper presents the simplest walking model with an upper body. The model is a passive dynamic walker, i.e. it walks down a slope without motor input or control. The upper body is confined to the midway angle of the two legs. With this kinematic constraint, the model has only two degrees of freedom. The model achieves surprisingly successful walking results: it can handle disturbances of 8% of the initial conditions and it has a specific resistance of only 0.0725(−).