Small sewage treatment plants and wastewater re-use in Cyprus

On the island of Cyprus, only Nicosia had a central sewerage system and sewage works; other towns and communities used septic tanks, absorption pits, and sewage lagoons, while hotels and tourist complexes installed small on-site sewage treatment plants. These small plants were often placed underground, and provided biological treatment with chlorination of effluent; in some cases tertiary treatment was also provided. A flow diagram of a plant with all stages of treatment is included, and design parameters are listed. Typical operating results for several plants are tabulated. In many cases, the effluent was used for irrigation. The need for legislation to control sewage treatment and disposal and reduce health risks is indicated.