Tinnitus-related increases in single-unit activity in awake rat auditory cortex correlate with tinnitus behavior

•Studied a condition suppression sound-exposure animal model of tinnitus.•A1 single units showed tinnitus-related increases in spontaneous and driven activity.•A1 units showed tinnitus-related increases in burst metrics.•Tinnitus-related changes in neuronal activity were correlated with tinnitus score. Tinnitus is known to affect 10–15 % of the population, severely impacting 1–2 % of those afflicted. Canonically, tinnitus is generally a consequence of peripheral auditory damage resulting in maladaptive plastic changes in excitatory/inhibitory homeostasis at multiple levels of the central auditory pathway as well as changes in diverse nonauditory structures. Animal studies of primary auditory cortex (A1) generally find tinnitus-related changes in excitability across A1 layers and differences between inhibitory neuronal subtypes. Changes due to sound-exposure include changes in spontaneous activity, cross-columnar synchrony, bursting and tonotopic organization. Few studies in A1 directly correlate tinnitus-related changes in neural activity to an individual animal's behavioral evidence of tinnitus. The present study used an established condition-suppression sound-exposure model of chronic tinnitus and recorded spontaneous and driven single-unit responses from A1 layers 5 and 6 of awake Long-Evans rats. A1 units recorded from animals with behavioral evidence of tinnitus showed significant increases in spontaneous and sound-evoked activity which directly correlated to the animal's tinnitus score. Significant increases in the number of bursting units, the number of bursts/minute and burst duration were seen for A1 units recorded from animals with behavioral evidence of tinnitus. The present A1 findings support prior unit recording studies in auditory thalamus and recent in vitro findings in this same animal model. The present findings are consistent with sensory cortical studies showing tinnitus- and neuropathic pain-related down-regulation of inhibition and increased excitation based on plastic neurotransmitter and potassium channel changes. Reducing A1 deep-layer tinnitus-related hyperactivity is a potential target for tinnitus pharmacotherapy. Single units recorded from deep layers of AC in sound-exposed tinnitus rats showed an increase in the percentage of bursting units compared to similarly trained age matched, unexposed controls. AC unit spontaneous firing rates and burst frequency showed significant positive correlation against normalized tinnitus score