Profiling plasma alterations of extracellular vesicles in patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis and bacterial infection

Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) modulate inflammation, coagulation and vascular homeostasis in decompensated cirrhosis. Aim To characterize the profile of plasmatic EVs in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and bacterial infections and evaluate the association between EVs and the development of hemostatic complications. Methods We measured the levels of EVs using high‐sensitivity flow cytometry and phospholipid‐dependent clotting time (PPL) in a prospective cohort of hospitalized patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis with versus without bacterial infections. A separate cohort of patients with bacterial infections without cirrhosis was also enrolled. We measured endothelium‐, tissue factor (TF)‐bearing, platelet‐ and leukocyte‐derived EVs. In patients with infections, EVs were reassessed upon resolution of infection. Bleeding and thrombotic complications were recorded during 1‐year follow‐up. Results Eighty patients with decompensated cirrhosis were recruited (40 each with and without bacterial infections). Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of plasma EVs. Despite no difference in total EVs and PPL, patients with cirrhosis and infection had significantly higher TF+ EVs, P‐Selectin+ EVs (activated platelet‐derived), CD14+ EVs (monocyte/macrophages derived) and CD14+ TF+ EVs versus those with cirrhosis without infection. Upon infection resolution, levels of these EVs returned to those without infection. Patients with infections showed a significant association between reduced P‐Selectin+ EVs and bleeding complications (HR 8.0 [95%CI 1.3–48.1]), whereas high levels of leukocyte‐derived EVs (CD45+) and CD14+ EVs were significantly associated with thrombotic complications (HR 16.4 [95%CI 1.7–160] and 10.9 [95%CI 1.13–106], respectively). Results were confirmed in a validation cohort. Conclusion Bacterial infections are associated with particular alterations of plasma EVs profile in decompensated cirrhosis. Bacterial infections trigger the release of EVs originating from various cell types, which may tip the precarious hemostatic balance of patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis towards hyper‐ or hypocoagulability.