Structural change of the cytoplasmic N‐terminus and S1 segment of voltage‐sensing phosphatase reported by Anap

Background Voltage‐sensing phosphatase contains a structurally conserved S1‐S4‐based voltage‐sensor domain, which undergoes a conformational transition in response to membrane potential change. Unlike that of channels, it is functional even in isolation and is therefore advantageous for studying the transition mechanism, but its nature has not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to address whether the cytoplasmic N‐terminus and S1 exhibit structural change. Methods Anap, an environment‐sensitive unnatural fluorescent amino acid, was site‐specifically introduced to the voltage sensor domain to probe local structural changes by using oocyte voltage clamp and photometry. Tetramethylrhodamine was also used to probe some extracellularly accessible positions. In total, 51 positions were investigated. Results We detected robust voltage‐dependent signals from widely distributed positions including N‐terminus and S1. In addition, response to hyperpolarization was observed at the extracellular end of S1, reflecting the local structure flexibility of the voltage‐sensor domain in the down‐state. We also found that the mechanical coupling between the voltage‐sensor and phosphatase domains affects the depolarization‐induced optical signals but not the hyperpolarization‐induced signals. Conclusions These results fill a gap between the previous interpretations from the structural and biophysical approaches and should provide important insights into the mechanisms of the voltage‐sensor domain transition as well as its coupling with the effector.