Protective relay application for generators and transformer

Application of overcurrent protective devices for generators and transformers is considered to be a routine task. However, a review of the protective device selection, device settings, and protection requirements for generators and transformers, as well as their connected buses, has revealed that certain lessons can be learned in examining a few typical applications. The applications are presented in a series of case studies. The case studies are in the following categories of protection problems: (1) generator backup protection: (a) bus-connected generators with feeder circuits at generator voltage; (b) unit-connected generators with voltage restraint time-overcurrent relays (device 51V) for backup protection; (c) unit-connected generators with distance relays (device 21) for backup protection; and (2) transformer protection with high 3-phase fault currents and low-ratio current transformers: (a) original protection scheme; (b) upgraded protection scheme. Only phase-fault conditions are analysed in the following problems because the topic of ground fault protection would require an equal amount of time to discuss. Each case is presented with: (1) a brief synopsis of the problem encountered; (2) the evaluation of the problem, including the suggested solutions; and (3) the "lesson to be learned" and the trouble spots to avoid.