A Mechanism for Phosphate Hardening and Prospects for the Use of Metal Phosphate Materials (A Review). Part I. The Nature of Hydrogen Bonding and Its Function in the Mechanism of Phosphate Hardening

The physical chemistry of multistep hardening of phosphate bonding materials is considered. The function of hydrogen bonds in the phosphate hardening mechanism and their effect on the adhesive properties of phosphate bonding materials are discussed. Techniques for enhancing the adhesive properties of phosphate binders using powdered oxides, hydroxides, and salts and their involvement in acid-base reactions are considered. Bonding materials for nonfired refractories, corrosion-resistance coatings and mortars, and areas for their potential applications are proposed.