Towards a biomimetic cellular structure and physical morphology with liposome-encapsulated agarose sol systems

The cytoplasm, serving as the primary hub of cellular metabolism, stands as a pivotal cornerstone for the harmonious progression of life. The ideal artificial cell should not only have a biomembrane structure system similar to that of a cell and the function of carrying genetic information, but also should have an intracellular environment. In this pursuit, we employed a method involving the incorporation of glycerol into agarose, resulting in the formation of agarose-glycerol mixed sol (AGs). This dynamic sol exhibited fluidic properties at ambient temperature, closely mimicking the viscosity of authentic cytoplasm. Harnessing the electroformation technique, AGs was encapsulated within liposomes, enabling the efficient creation of artificial cells that closely resembled native cellular dimensions through meticulous parameter adjustments of the alternating current (AC) field. Subsequently, artificial cells harboring AGs were subjected to diverse electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions, enabling a comprehensive exploration of their deformation phenomena, encompassing both inward and outward budding. This study represents a significant stride forward in addressing one of the most fundamental challenges in the construction of artificial cytoplasm. It is our fervent aspiration that this work shall offer invaluable insights and guidance for future endeavors in the realm of artificial cell construction. [Display omitted]