Combined NMR and MS-based metabonomics and real-time PCR analyses reveal dynamic metabolic changes of Ganoderma lucidum during fruiting body growing

[Display omitted] •Over 40 metabolites were detected in G. lucidum extracts. Notably, we identified previously unreported metabolites.•Most metabolite contents increased rapidly from period I to II. Following this, they decreased until reaching period VII.•The optimal time to harvest G. lucidum is during period IV.•Cytochrome P450 genes GlCYP1, GlCYP3, GlCYP5, GlCYP6 and GlCYP13 may have critical roles in the biosynthesis of GAs. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a rare medicinal fungus with various beneficial properties. One of its main components, ganoderic acids (GAs), are important triterpenoids known for their sedative and analgesic, hepatoprotective, and anti-tumor activities. Understanding the growth and development of the G. lucidum fruiting body is crucial for determining the optimal time to harvest them. In this study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to systematically characterize the metabolites of G. lucidum at seven distinct developmental stages. We also measured the contents of seven kinds of GAs using LC-MS/MS. A total of 49 metabolites were detected in G. lucidum, including amino acids, sugars, organic acids and GAs. During the transition from the bud development period (I) to the budding period (II), we observed a rapid accumulation of glucose, tyrosine, nicotinamide ribotide, inosine and GAs. After the budding period, the contents of most metabolites decreased until the mature period (VII). In addition, the contents of GAs showed an initial raising, followed by a decline during the elongation period, except for GAF, which exhibited a rapid raise during the mature stage. We also detected the expression of several genes involved in GA synthesis, finding that most genes including 16 cytochrome P450 monooxygenase were all down-regulated during periods IV and VII compared to period I. These findings provide valuable insights into the dynamic metabolic profiles of G. lucidum throughout its growth stage, and it is recommended to harvest G. lucidum at period IV.