Ru(II)-Catalyzed [4 + 2]-Annulation of 2‑Alkenyl/Arylimidazoles with N-Substituted Maleimides and 1,4-Naphthoquinones: Access to Imidazo-Fused Polyheterocycles

Synthesis of imidazo-fused polyheterocyclic molecular frameworks, viz. imidazo­[1,2-a]­pyrrolo­[3,4-e]­pyridines, imidazo­[2,1-a]­pyrrolo­[3,4-c]­isoquinolines, and benzo­[g]­imidazo­[1,2-a]­quinoline-6,11-diones, has been achieved by the ruthenium­(II)-catalyzed [4 + 2] C–H/N–H annulation of 2-alkenyl/2-arylimidazoles with N-substituted maleimides and 1,4-naphthoquinones. The developed protocol is operationally simple, exhibits broad substrate scope with excellent functional group tolerance, and provides the desired products in moderate to good yields. The mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction involves the formation of a C–C bond through Ru-catalyzed C­(sp2)–H bond activation followed by intramolecular cyclization.