Genetically Engineered Cytomembrane Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer nanovaccines have attracted widespread attention by inducing potent cytotoxic T cell responses to improve immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, while the lack of co‐stimulatory molecules limits their clinical applications. Here, a genetically engineered cancer cytomembrane nanovaccine is reported that simultaneously overexpresses co‐stimulatory molecule CD40L and immune checkpoint inhibitor PD1 to elicit robust antitumor immunity for cancer immunotherapy. The CD40L and tumor antigens inherited from cancer cytomembranes effectively stimulate dendritic cell (DC)‐mediated immune activation of cytotoxic T cells, while the PD1 on cancer cytomembranes significantly blocks PD1/PD‐L1 signaling pathway, synergistically stimulating antitumor immune responses. Benefiting from the targeting ability of cancer cytomembranes, this nanovaccines formula shows an enhanced lymph node trafficking and retention. Compared with original cancer cytomembranes, this genetically engineered nanovaccine induces twofold DC maturation and shows satisfactory precaution efficacy in a breast tumor mouse model. This genetically engineered cytomembrane nanovaccine offers a simple, safe, and robust strategy by incorporating cytomembrane components and co‐stimulatory molecules for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. A novel genetically programmable NVs‐based nanovaccines is developed to trigger a stimulated immune response against cancer through a robust combinational regime: promoting the maturation of DC via co‐stimulatory molecules CD40L and blocking the PD1/PDL1 pathway. This work offers a simple, safe, and effective nanovaccine design for activating the body's immune responses in cancer immunotherapy.