Kidney transplantation in patients on anti‐tubercular therapy: A single centre observational study

Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a common infection in chronic kidney disease. The prolonged therapy of TB can delay kidney transplantation in patients on antitubercular therapy (ATT). Methods This was a retrospective single‐center study to analyze the safety of kidney transplantation and its outcomes in patients undergoing transplantation while on the continuation phase of ATT. Results Between 2013 and 2022, 30 patients underwent kidney transplantation while on ATT. Median age was 38 years and 70% were males. Majority of the patients (86.7%) had extrapulmonary tuberculosis, most common site of involvement being tubercular lymphadenitis. 14/30 patients had microbiological/histopathological diagnosis of TB and the rest were diagnosed by ancillary tests. Patients were treated with 4 drug ATT (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) before transplantation for aminimum of 2 months. Post‐transplantation fluoroquinolone‐based non‐rifamycin ATT was used (median duration 11 months). All patients completed therapy. At 2 years, there was 100% patient survival and 96.7% graft survival. Median eGFR at 6, 12, and 24 months post‐transplantation was 71.9, 64.7, and 67 mL/min/1.73m2, respectively. The percentage of patients suffering a biopsy proven acute rejection at 6, 12, and 24 months was 3.3%, 6.7%, and 6.7%. Conclusion Kidney transplantation can be done in patients with TB who have a satisfactory response to the intensive phase of the ATT. The decision for transplantation while on the continuation phase of ATT should be individualized. In our experience, there is excellent patient and graft survival in these patients with a low risk of failure of ATT or relapse of TB. A retrospective observational study of 30 patients who underwent kidney transplantation while on the maintenance phase of ATT demonstrated 100% treatment completion rate with 0% ATT failure or relapse with a median ATT duration of 14 months. At 2 years, there was 96.7% graft survival and 100% patient survival.