A study of pilot sludge treatment reed beds for sludge dewatering and treatment under a hot and arid climate

In the effort to identify sustainable sludge management options, pilot-scale sludge treatment reed beds (STRBs) were tested and assessed in the Sultanate of Oman in the first integrated experimental study of this nature-based solution in the Middle East region. A total of 18 pilot STRB units were established and monitored for almost 2 years; half were planted with native Phragmites australis reed species, and half served as unplanted control units. Employing a randomized complete block design, the study examined varying sludge loading rates (SLR) of 75, 100, and 125 kg/m 2 /year. Results underscored the effectiveness of STRBs in reducing the sludge volume, with observed reductions reaching 98.0% of the applied sludge volume, particularly prominent in the SLR75 units. During the final resting phase, the STRBs showed slightly higher concentrations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) compared to the unplanted beds, while maintaining concentrations lower than those of the applied activated sludge. Furthermore, heavy metal concentrations were consistently diminished in the STRBs compared to the unplanted beds, aligning with the established national and international standards for sludge reuse in agricultural contexts. The results of this study provide the first valuable insight into the potential of STRBs as an effective, sustainable, and climatically suitable approach for sludge dewatering. Specifically, an SLR of 100 kg/m 2 /year is proposed as an optimum loading rate for the hot and arid Middle East climate. This study advances our understanding of STRBs as a pivotal component in the realm of arid-region sludge treatment, shedding light on their capacity to facilitate enhanced dewatering, mineralization, and nutrient removal, thereby contributing to the broader discourse on sustainable waste management practices.