Centaur Application to Robotic and Crewed Lunar Lander Evolution

Human space exploration, while a clear imperative for the progression of human civilization, can be severely impeded by excessively high operational costs and perceived high risk. A cost effective method of accomplishing every phase of exploration transport is mandatory to avoid this trap. Centaur, the upper stage on the current Lockheed Martin Atlas V rocket, is an excellent candidate for modification as a robotic and possible human transport vehicle to our nearest neighbor. The Centaur is produced in Denver, Colorado. Centaur has proven to be extremely robust and reliable, with 77 consecutive successful flights. Modifications to the current design would allow the Centaur to function as an in-space propulsion system. With its present capability Centaur can directly support robotic probe landings on the moon and is directly extensible to larger landing tasks including high-mass crewed missions. Lunar descent would be accomplished in two phases: primary descent using the RL10 engine and a final horizontal terminal phase powered by pressure fed thrusters mounted along the Centaur tank. Utilizing the Centaur for human exploration would greatly reduce cost by leveraging an already designed and manufactured stage. It would increase safety by its robustness and redundancy that the Centaur has proven in many successful launches. With the Centaur concept for human exploration, NASA can have the safety and cost effectiveness needed to explore the Moon, Mars, and beyond.