Growth and concentration dependencies of rare-earth doped lithium niobate single crystals

A series of lithium niobate LiNbO 3 (LN) single crystals doped by rare-earth elements (Tm, Er, Dy, Tb, Gd, Pr) were grown under the same conditions by the Czochralski technique in a wide range of dopant concentrations. The distribution coefficients of rare-earth elements in the “crystal—melt” system of LN were determined at the beginning of the crystal growth. Their dependence on the dopant concentration in melt ranging from 0.1 to 3.5 wt% was investigated. Concentration dependences of physicochemical, ferroelectric and structural characteristics of doped LN single crystals were studied using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and Raman scattering measurements. A mechanism of rare-earth elements incorporation into the crystal lattice of LN was proposed for a wide range of dopant concentrations.