Alleviation of cadmium toxicity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) through Zn−Lys supplementation and its effects on growth and antioxidant defense

Cadmium significantly impacts plant growth and productivity by disrupting physiological, biochemical, and oxidative defenses, leading to severe damage. The application of Zn-Lys improves plant growth while reducing the stress caused by heavy metals on plants. By focusing on cadmium stress and potential of Zn-Lys on pea, we conducted a pot-based study, organized under completely randomized block design CRD-factorial at the Botanical Garden of Government College University, Faisalabad. Both pea cultivars were grown in several concentrations of cadmium @ 0, 50 and 100 μM, and Zn-Lys were exogenously applied @ 0 mg/L and 10 mg/L with three replicates for each treatment. Cd-toxicity potentially reduces plant growth, chlorophyll contents, osmoprotectants, and anthocyanin content; however, an increase in MDA, H 2 O 2 initiation, enzymatic antioxidant activities as well as phenolic, flavonoid, proline was observed. Remarkably, exogenously applied Zn-Lys significantly enhanced the plant growth, biomass, photosynthetic attributes, osmoprotectants, and anthocyanin contents, while further increase in enzymatic antioxidant activities, total phenolic, flavonoid, and proline contents were noticed. However, application of Zn-Lys instigated a remarkable decrease in levels of MDA and H 2 O 2 . It can be suggested with recommendation to check the potential of Zn-Lys on plants under cadmium-based toxic soil.