Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori Intracellular Infection and Reflections Concerning Clinical Practice

( ), for a long time, has generally been considered an extracellular bacterium. However, recent findings have shown that can gain entry into host cells, evade attacks from the host immune system and the killing ability of medication, form stable intracellular ecological niche, and achieve re-release into the extracellular environment, thus causing recurrent infections. intracellular infection causes cellular signaling and metabolic alterations, which may be closely associated with the pathogenesis and progression of tumors, thereby presenting new challenges for clinical eradicative treatment of . Herein, examining this issue from a clinical perspective, we reviewed reported findings on the mechanisms of how achieved intracellular infection, including the breaching of the host cell biological barrier, immune evasion, and resistance to autophagy. In addition, we discussed our reflections and the prospects of important questions concerning , including the clinical prevention and control strategy, intracellular d