Conceptualizing Adult Dysphagia in the United States Within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)

Despite the well-documented safety concerns and effect on quality of life, there does not yet exist a wide-reaching framework that links the etiologies of swallowing disorders to the potential short- and long-term outcomes in the context of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). This paper introduces an expert-reviewed conceptual framework to highlight common etiologies of dysphagia as well as integrate immediate outcomes of dysphagia with long-term outcomes of dysphagia in terms of medical problems, health-related quality of life, functional effect, and psychosocial features. It also outlines the potential cyclical nature of long-term dysphagia outcomes perpetuating the original dysphagia. This framework serves to inform clinicians of important dysphagic outcomes and to bring awareness to long-term outcomes that should be monitored by health care professionals, caregivers, or people with dysphagia.