Kamikihito reduces β-amyloid25–35-induced axon damage via neurotrophic factors

The Japanese herbal medicine kamikihito (KKT) is widely used for insomnia, anorexia, anemia, and depression. Recently, the efficacy of KKT against Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been demonstrated in clinical and non-clinical studies. To address the mechanism underlying the effect of KKT on AD, we examined the effects of KKT in β-amyloid (Aβ) 25–35 -exposed primary cultured neurons. The effects of KKT on Aβ 25–35 -induced neurotoxicity were assessed by immunocytochemical assays and Sholl analysis of neurites, and the influence of KKT on neurotrophic factor (NF) gene expression was examined using RT-PCR analysis. As a result, Aβ 25–35 exposure attenuated the arborization of neurites of single cultured hippocampal neurons, and KKT treatment for 3 days ameliorated the Aβ 25–35 -induced impairment of tau-positive axon outgrowth. This ameliorative effect of KKT was largely abolished by the Trk inhibitor K252a, and expression of NFs, nerve growth factor ( Ngf ), brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( Bdnf ), neurotrophin-3 ( NT-3 ) was significantly increased by KKT. These results indicate that KKT ameliorates axonal atrophy via NFs signaling, providing a mechanistic basis for treatment of AD with KKT. Graphical abstract