Relaxant Effects of Piperine and Piperlongumine from Piper longum Fruits on Porcine Coronary Artery

Since ancient times, Piper longum Linn. fruits have been recognized for exhibiting various effects, including the diaphoretic effects linked to enhanced blood flow. Piperine and piperlongumine coexist in Piper longum Linn. fruits, although the cardiovascular effects of both compounds remain elusive. We investigated their action of piperine and piperlongumine in porcine coronary arteries, comparing them to the Ca2+ channel antagonist diltiazem. Piperlongumine, unlike piperine or diltiazem, concentration-dependently inhibited basal contractile tone in endothelium-denuded coronary arteries. All three compounds inhibit tonic contractions induced by high potassium chloride (KCl) concentrations. The order of relaxation potency indexed by the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) were as follows: diltiazem > piperlongumine > piperine. These effects were not different between endothelium-intact and -denuded preparations. In endothelial-denuded preparations, pretreatment with these compounds not only inhibited KCl-induced tonic contractions attenuated calcium chloride (CaCl2)-induced ones in a Ca2+-free medium. Histamine-induced phasic contractions in a Ca2+-free medium containing intracellular Ca2+ chelator was completely suppressed by selective inositol trisphosphate receptor antagonist and piperlongumine, whereas piperine or diltiazem do not have the same effect. These findings suggest that piperine and piperlongumine similar to diltiazem cause vasorelaxation by inhibiting both KCl- and CaCl2-induced contractions in coronary arteries, possibly through the inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Piperlongumine inhibits histamine-induced contractions in a Ca2+-free medium, which is associated with the intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathway, suggesting that the relaxant effect of piperlongumine differs from that of piperine.