Did the creeping vole sex chromosomes evolve through a cascade of adaptive responses to a selfish x chromosome?

The creeping vole Microtus oregoni exhibits remarkably transformed sex chromosome biology, with complete chromosome drive/drag, X‐Y fusions, sex reversed X complements, biased X inactivation, and X chromosome degradation. Beginning with a selfish X chromosome, I propose a series of adaptations leading to this system, each compensating for deleterious consequences of the preceding adaptation: (1) YY embryonic inviability favored evolution of a selfish feminizing X chromosome; (2) the consequent Y chromosome transmission disadvantage favored X‐Y fusion (“XP”); (3) Xist‐based silencing of Y‐derived XP genes favored a second X‐Y fusion (“XM”); (4) X chromosome dosage‐related costs in XPXM males favored the evolution of XM loss during spermatogenesis; (5) X chromosomal dosage‐related costs in XM0 females favored the evolution of XM drive during oogenesis; and (6) degradation of the non‐recombining XP favored the evolution of biased X chromosome inactivation. I discuss recurrent rodent sex chromosome transformation, and selfish genes as a constructive force in evolution. The sex chromosomes of creeping voles exhibit X‐Y fusions, X degradation, sex reversed X complements, chromosome drive/drag, and biased X inactivation. I propose that these transformations arose when a selfish X chromosome kicked off a cycle of adaptive compensatory responses, pleiotropic costs, and further compensatory responses.