Fungal and bacterial endophytes antagonistic to Phytophthora species causing root rot in Cinnamomum cassia

Endophytes were investigated for their potential to protect Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon) from Phytophthora root rot. From healthy cinnamon trees in diseased plantations, 134 bacterial and fungal endophytes were isolated and screened in vitro for their ability to antagonise the root rot pathogens Phytophthora cinnamomi , P. multibullata and P. × vanyenensis . Seventeen endophytes exhibiting high levels of antagonism in vitro (more than 45%) were then tested in a glasshouse study for their ability to reduce the impact of Phytophthora infection in cinnamon seedlings. Trials using cinnamon seeds or seedlings inoculated with an endophyte and then infested with Phytophthora identified three endophytes expressing high levels of disease suppression (based on root damage reduction) and plant growth promotion. These were Penicillium citrinum , Xylaria curta and Clonostachys rosea . These endophytes can potentially be used in the biological control of root rot in cinnamon, but this must be explored further under field conditions.