Surface modification of polyvinyl chloride with sodium alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan and heparin for realizing the anticoagulation

Thrombosis of extracorporeal circuits causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this study, plasma treatment technology and chemical grafting method were used to construct heparinized surfaces on the PVC substrate, which could not only reduce thrombosis but also decrease the side effects of the direct injection of anticoagulants. The PVC substrate was modified by plasma treatment technology firstly to obtain the active surface with the hydroxyl groups used for grafting. Then, heparin was grafted onto the modified PVC surface using different grafting strategies to prepare different heparinized surfaces. The experimental results indicated that the sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CCS) used as interlayers could significantly increase the graft density of heparin to improve the anticoagulant effects and hemocompatibility of heparinized surfaces. In addition, the modification of heparin can further improve the anticoagulant effects. The CCS/low-molecular-weight heparin (LWMH) surface has the best anticoagulant properties, which can prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) values of human plasma for about 35 s, reduce the hemolysis rates to