Evaluation of Academic and Nonacademic Factors of First-Generation Students Transitioning to a Pharmacy Program

To evaluate the academic transition of first-generation (FG) students to a Doctor of Pharmacy program and the impact of early intervention/outreach. The retrospective study evaluated the first semester performance in three classes of student pharmacists (beginning fall 2020, 2021, 2022) at a public university in the mid-South. Student demographics (age, sex, race, relationship status), nonacademic factors (Grit, impostor syndrome, testing anxiety, perceived stress), and academic factors (grade point average, academic probation, early intervention) were assessed. In fall 2022, a required academic meeting was added to the early intervention process after exam one for high-risk students. The data between FG and non-FG students were compared; Mann-Whitney tests for continuous variables and Chi-square tests with risk estimates for categorical variables. There were 152 FG and 274 non-FG students identified over the three classes. A total of 88 (57.9%) FG students represented racial minority groups. More FG students and non-White students were identified for early intervention. First-generation students were more likely to receive two or more grades less than C- and less likely to progress to the spring. No significance was noted with generational status and undergraduate grade point average, academic performance, or nonacademic factors. The required meeting after exam one in fall 2022 resulted in less disparity between FG and non-FG students identified for early intervention for exam two. First-generation and non-White students were more likely to struggle when transitioning to the Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum. A proactive, individualized approach incorporated into early intervention procedures is needed to promote academic success and belonging.