Effects of Calorie Restriction and Fasting on Macrophage: Potential Impact on Disease Outcomes?

Energy restriction, including calorie restriction and fasting, has garnered significant attention for its potential therapeutic effects on a range of chronic diseases (such as diabetes, obesity, and cancer) and aging. Since macrophages are critical players in many diseases, their response to energy restriction may impact disease outcomes. However, the diverse metabolic patterns and functions of macrophages can lead to variability in the effects of energy restriction on macrophages across different tissues and disease states. This review outlines the effects of energy restriction on macrophages in several diseases, offering valuable guidance for future studies and insights into the clinical applications of calorie restriction and fasting. Macrophages play a crucial role in various diseases, and their response to energy restriction can potentially affect disease outcomes. Due to the diverse metabolic patterns and functions of macrophages, the effects of calorie restriction and fasting on macrophages vary across different tissues and disease states, involving different mechanisms of action and biological effects.