Green preparation of β-chitins from squid pens by using alkaline deep eutectic solvents

Based on the assumption that protein could be removed by the combined mechanism of alkaline induced degradation and strong hydrogen bond interactions of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), β-chitins were successfully prepared from squid pens by using alkaline DESs formed by potassium carbonate and glycerol. The chemical structures of the DESs were investigated by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and molecular modeling, and the physicochemical property of the prepared β-chitins were characterized. The preparation yields was about 32 %, and DESs with K2CO3/glycerol of 1/10 could be reused for three times while maintaining high preparation yields (31 %-32 %) and degree of deacetylation of 66.9 %-76.9 %. The mechanisms of deproteinization and demineralization by the alkaline DESs were proposed to follow the degradation and dissolution steps, and proteins and minerals were removed from squid pens through the synergistic actions of alkaline degradation and hydrogen bonding interactions. This alkaline DESs are promising to be used as a green and efficient approach for commercial production of β-chitin.