Adrenomedullin, transcriptionally regulated by vitamin D receptors, alleviates atherosclerosis in mice through suppressing AMPK‐mediated endothelial ferroptosis

Purpose Vitamin D receptors (VDR) play important roles in cardiovascular, immune, metabolic and other functions. Activation of VDR may help improve endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and cardiac hypertrophy. However, the specific target genes and mechanisms of VDR in improving Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) functions remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the function and mechanism of VDR in HUVECs. Methods Endothelial dysfunction cell model was constructed by oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL). An animal model of atherosclerosis was established in male homozygous Apoe−/− mice (6 weeks) on a high fat diet for 6 weeks. The relationship between VDR and adrenomedullin (ADM) was studied by bioinformatics analysis, ChIP, and luciferase reporter gene analysis. Endothelial cell function was evaluated by Transwell migration and Tube Formation tests. Ferroptosis was detected by measuring intracellular iron content, levels of oxidative stress markers, and ferroptosis related proteins. Results Overexpression of VDR in HUVECs inhibits ox‐LDL‐induced endothelial dysfunction and ferroptosis. VDR binds to the ADM promoter sequence and regulates the transcription of ADM. Inhibition of ADM promotes ox‐LDL‐induced endothelial dysfunction and ferroptosis. ADM regulates ox‐LDL‐induced endothelial dysfunction and ferroptosis through the AMPK signaling pathway. Overexpression of VDR in Apoe−/− mice inhibited lipid deposition and plaque area in atherosclerotic mice. Conclusion VDR inhibits ox‐LDL‐induced endothelial dysfunction and ferroptosis by regulating ADM transcription and acting on AMPK signaling pathway. Overexpression of VDR in Apoe−/− mice reduced lipid deposition and plaque area in the thoracic aorta of atherosclerotic mice.