Semi-autonomous two-stage dental robotic technique for zygomatic implants: An in vitro study

To assess the feasibility and accuracy of a semi-autonomous two-stage dental robotic technique for zygomatic implants. Twenty-six zygomatic implants were designed and randomly divided into two groups using 10 three-dimensionally printed resin models with severe maxillary atrophy. In one group, the conventional drilling technique was used, in the other group, the drilling process for the alveolar ridge section (first stage) was completed, after which drilling for the zygoma section (second stage) was done. Based on preoperative planning combined with postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), coronal, apical, depth, and angle deviations were measured. Zygomatic implant placement technique-related deviations (sinus slot, intrasinus, and extrasinus) were also recorded and analyzed. The two-stage technical group's coronal, apical, depth, and angle deviations were 0.57 ± 0.19 mm, 1.07 ± 0.48 mm, 0.30 ± 0.38 mm, and 0.91 ± 0.51°, respectively. The accuracy of the two-stage technique was significantly higher than that of the conventional one-stage technique (p