Immune system roles in pathogenesis, prognosis, control, and treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infection

•Some immune cells and cytokines lead to immunopathogenesis duringToxoplasma gondii(T.gondii) infection.•Various immune system components can be beneficial tools for toxoplasmosis prognosis determination.•The immune system is crucial for the avoidance of toxoplasmosis's severe consequences.•Since current drugs are ineffective and have various side effects, immunotherapy can be a good choice forT.gondiiinfection treatment.•Antibody therapy, cell therapy, cytokine therapy, vaccine, and exosome therapy are different forms of immunotherapy for toxoplasmosis treatment. Toxoplasma gondii is the protozoan causative agent of toxoplasmosis in humans and warm-blooded animals. Recent studies have illustrated that the immune system plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis by triggering immune cytokines like IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ and immune cells like DCs, Th1, and Th17. On the other hand, some immune components can serve as prognosis markers of toxoplasmosis. In healthy people, the disease is often asymptomatic, but immunocompromised people and newborns may suffer severe symptoms and complications. Therefore, the immune prognostic markers may provide tools to measure the disease progress and help patients to avoid further complications. Immunotherapies using monoclonal antibody, cytokines, immune cells, exosomes, novel vaccines, and anti-inflammatory molecules open new horizon for toxoplasmosis treatment. In this review article, we discussed the immunopathogenesis, prognosis, and immunotherapy of Toxoplasma gondii infection.