E3 ubiquitin ligases SINA4 and SINA11 regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis by targeting the IAA29‐ARF5‐1‐ ERF3 module in apple

Auxin/indole‐3‐acetic acid (AUX/IAA) and auxin response factor (ARF) proteins are important components of the auxin signalling pathway, but their ubiquitination modification and the mechanism of auxin‐mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis remain elusive. Here, the ARF MdARF5‐1 was identified as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple, and it integrates auxin and ethylene signals by inhibiting the expression of the ethylene response factor MdERF3 . The auxin repressor MdIAA29 decreased the inhibitory effect of MdARF5‐1 on anthocyanin biosynthesis by attenuating the transcriptional inhibition of MdERF3 by MdARF5‐1. In addition, the E3 ubiquitin ligases MdSINA4 and MdSINA11 played negative and positive regulatory roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis by targeting MdIAA29 and MdARF5‐1 for ubiquitination degradation, respectively. MdSINA4 destabilized MdSINA11 to regulate anthocyanin accumulation in response to auxin signalling. In sum, our data revealed the crosstalk between auxin and ethylene signals mediated by the IAA29‐ARF5‐1‐ ERF3 module and provide new insights into the ubiquitination modification of the auxin signalling pathway. The IAA29‐ARF5‐1 module regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis by mediating ERF3 transcription and is dynamically regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases SINA4 and SINA11 in response to auxin signalling.