Integrative tissue, cellular and molecular responsiveness of an innovative ex vivo model of the Staphylococcus aureus‐mediated bone infection

Osteomyelitis is a pathological condition of the bone, frequently associated with the presence of infectious agents – namely Staphylococcus aureus – that induce inflammation and tissue destruction. Recent advances in the understanding of its pathophysiology and the identification of innovative therapeutic approaches were gathered from experimental in vitro and in vivo systems. However, cell culture models offer limited representativeness of the cellular functionality and the cell–cell and cell‐matrix interactions, further failing to mimic the three‐dimensional tissue organization; and animal models allow for limited mechanistic assessment given the complex nature of systemic and paracrine regulatory systems and are endorsed with ethical constraints. Accordingly, this study aims at the establishment and assessment of a new ex vivo bone infection model, upon the organotypic culture of embryonic chicken femurs colonized with S. aureus, highlighting the model responsiveness at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Upon infection with distinct bacterial inoculums, data reported an initial exponential bacterial growth, followed by diminished metabolic activity. At the tissue level, evidence of S. aureus‐mediated tissue destruction was attained and demonstrated through distinct methodologies, conjoined with decreased osteoblastic/osteogenic and increased osteoclastic/osteoclastogenic functionalities—representative of the osteomyelitis clinical course. Overall, the establishment and characterization of an innovative bone tissue infection model that is simple, reproducible, easily manipulated, cost‐effective, and simulates many features of human osteomyelitis, further allowing the maintenance of the bone tissue's three‐dimensional morphology and cellular arrangement, was achieved. Model responsiveness was further demonstrated, showcasing the capability to improve the research pipeline in bone tissue infection‐related research. Establishment and characterization of an ex vivo bone infection model, upon the organotypic culture of the embryonic chicken femur colonized with Staphylococcus aureus.