Effects of low-frequency rTMS combined with risperidone on the gut microbiome in hospitalized patients with chronic schizophrenia

[Display omitted] •Gut microbiota was imbalanced in hospitalized patients with chronic SCH.•rTMS combined with risperidone (rTMS + Rip) ameliorates symptoms of chronic SCH.•rTMS + Rip partly normalized the dysbacteriosis in SCH.•Several microbiotas might be related to the antipsychotic effect of rTMS + Rip. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been widely used in treating schizophrenia (SCH). However, the effects of the low frequency of rTMS combined with antipsychotics on the gut microbiome in chronic SCH have been poorly investigated. In the present study, psychiatric symptoms were assessed and the stool samples obtained from 33 adult patients with chronic SCH (at baselinephase), 27 after 2 weeks of treatment (rTMS combined with risperidone, SCH-2W), and 37 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found that the reduction of phylum Proteobacteria, family Enterobacteriaceae and genera Escherichia-Shigella as well as the increase of genera norank_f_Lachnospiraceae might be related to the antipsychotic effect of rTMS combined with risperidone. These findings indicate that the brain-gut-microbiota axis might be involved in the therapeutic effect of rTMS combined with antipsychotic drugs.