Cytokines and exosomal miRNAs in skeletal muscle–adipose crosstalk

Cytokines and exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRNAs) are key mediators of muscle–adipose crosstalk that regulate systematic metabolism via endocrine and paracrine pathways, affecting regeneration, glucose and fatty acid homeostasis, and the mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle, as well as adipogenesis, lipolysis, and adipose tissue browning.Various novel myokines, adipokines, and muscle- or adipose-derived exo-miRNAs have been identified through technological innovation and are involved in muscle–adipose crosstalk.Myokines, adipokines, and exo-miRNAs of differing content in serum under metabolic disease represented by aging, sarcopenia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes are identified as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissues (ATs) are secretory organs that release secretory factors including cytokines and exosomes. These factors mediate muscle–adipose crosstalk to regulate systemic metabolism via paracrine and endocrine pathways. Myokines and adipokines are cytokines secreted by skeletal muscle and ATs, respectively. Exosomes loaded with nucleic acids, proteins, lipid droplets, and organelles can fuse with the cytoplasm of target cells to perform regulatory functions. A major regulatory component of exosomes is miRNA. In addition, numerous novel myokines and adipokines have been identified through technological innovations. These discoveries have identified new biomarkers and sparked new insights into the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle growth and adipose deposition. The knowledge may contribute to potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in metabolic disease. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissues (ATs) are secretory organs that release secretory factors including cytokines and exosomes. These factors mediate muscle–adipose crosstalk to regulate systemic metabolism via paracrine and endocrine pathways. Myokines and adipokines are cytokines secreted by skeletal muscle and ATs, respectively. Exosomes loaded with nucleic acids, proteins, lipid droplets, and organelles can fuse with the cytoplasm of target cells to perform regulatory functions. A major regulatory component of exosomes is miRNA. In addition, numerous novel myokines and adipokines have been identified through technological innovations. These discoveries have identified new biomarkers and sparked new insights into the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle growth and adipose deposition. The knowledge may contribute to potential diagn