HST observations of spokes in Saturn's B ring

As part of a long-term study of Saturn's rings, we have used the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC2) to obtain several hundred high resolution images from 1996 to 2004, spanning the full range of ring tilt and solar phase angles accessible from the Earth. Using these multiwavelength observations and HST archival data, we have measured the photometric properties of spokes in the B ring, visible in a substantial number of images. We determined the spoke particle size distribution by fitting the wavelength-dependent extinction efficiency of a prominent, isolated spoke, using a Mie scattering model. Following Doyle and Grün (1990, Icarus 85, 168–190), we assumed that the spoke particles were sub-micron size spheres of pure water ice, with a Hansen–Hovenier size distribution (Hansen and Hovenier, 1974, J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1137–1160). The WFPC2 wavelength coverage is broader than that of the Voyager data, resulting in tighter constraints on the nature of spoke particles. The effective particle size was r eff = 0.57 ± 0.05 μm , and the size distribution was quite narrow with a variance of b = 0.09 ± 0.03 , very similar to the results of Doyle and Grün (1990, Icarus 85, 168–190), and consistent with predictions of plasma cloud models for spoke production from meteoritic impacts (Goertz and Morfill, 1983, Icarus 53, 219–229; Goertz, 1984, Adv. Space Res. 4, 137–141). In all, we identified 36 spokes or spoke complexes, predominantly on the morning (east) ansa. The photometric contrast of the spokes is strongly dependent on effective ring opening angle, B eff . Spokes were clearly visible on the north face of the rings in 1994, just prior to the most recent ring plane crossing (RPX) epoch, and on the south face shortly after RPX. However, spokes were both less abundant and fainter as the rings opened up, and no spokes were detected after 18 October 1998 ( B eff = − 15.43 ° ), when a single faint spoke was seen on the morning ansa. The high resolution and photometric quality of the WFPC2 images enabled us to set a detection limit of ⩽1% in fractional brightness contrast for spokes for the post-1998 observations. We compare the observed trend of spoke contrast with B eff to radiative transfer calculations based on three models of the distribution of spoke material. In the first, the spoke “haze” is uniformly mixed with macroscopic B ring particles. No variation in spoke contrast is predicted for single-scattering, in this case, and o