Beneficial effects of empagliflozin and liraglutide on the cerebral microcirculation of diabetic rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the antidiabetics liraglutide, a GLP-1 analog, and empagliflozin, an SGLT-2 inhibitor, on the brain microcirculation of diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) was experimentally induced in male Wistar rats by combining a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Liraglutide (100 μg/kg s.c.) and empagliflozin (10 mg/kg, oral) were administered for 5 weeks. Body weight was monitored periodically. Oral glucose tolerance, fasting glycemia, and blood triglycerides were evaluated after the treatments. Endothelial-leukocyte interactions in the brain microcirculation and structural capillary density were assessed. DM rats presented metabolic and cerebrovascular alterations. Liraglutide treatment decreased body weight and blood triglycerides of DM rats. Empagliflozin treatment improved glucose tolerance but only the combination therapy significantly reduced fasting blood glucose. Both treatments and their combination reduced leukocyte adhesion into the endothelium of brain venules. However, empagliflozin was more effective in preventing DM-induced microvascular rarefaction. These findings suggest that chronic treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists may serve as potential therapeutic approaches to prevent microvascular complications associated with diabetes.