Later onset focal epilepsy with roots in childhood: Evidence from early learning difficulty and brain volumes in the Human Epilepsy Project

Visual assessment of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from the Human Epilepsy Project 1 (HEP1) found 18% of participants had atrophic brain changes relative to age without known etiology. Here, we identify the underlying factors related to brain volume differences in people with focal epilepsy enrolled in HEP1. Enrollment data for participants with complete records and brain MRIs were analyzed, including 391 participants aged 12-60 years. HEP1 excluded developmental or cognitive delay with intelligence quotient