HIV and Cardiovascular Disease — An Ounce of Prevention

Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have up to two times the risk of cardiovascular disease as those without HIV infection. 1 This risk is not explained by the presence of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, nor is it eliminated by successful antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression. 2 Assessing cardiovascular risk among persons with HIV infection has proved to be difficult because calculators for cardiovascular disease typically underestimate the risk in this population. 3 This underestimation creates a challenge for health care providers. How can cardiovascular risk be reduced in a population that is assessed as being at low-to-moderate risk on . . .