The burden of radiation exposure in children requiring percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Children undergoing investigation and management for complex upper tract urolithiasis often require multimodal imaging. The significance of related radiation exposure in stone care pathways has received little attention in the published literature. Medical records of paediatric patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy were retrospectively analysed to ascertain the modalities used and determine extent of radiation exposure occurring during each care pathway. Radiation dose simulation and calculation was performed a priori. The cumulative effective dose (mSv) and cumulative organ dose (mGy) for radiosensitive organs was calculated. A total of 140 imaging studies were included from the care pathways of 15 children with complex upper tract urolithiasis. Median follow-up was 9.6 years (range: 6.7–16.8 years). The average number of imaging studies with ionising radiation per patient was nine, with a cumulative effective dose of 18.3 mSv across all modalities. The most common modalities were: mobile fluoroscopy (43%), x-ray (24%), and computed tomography (18%). The cumulative effective dose per study type was greatest for CT (4.09 mSv), followed by fixed and mobile fluoroscopy (2.79 mSv and 1.82 mSv, respectively). There is high general awareness of radiation exposure involved in CT scanning with resultant caution in employing this modality in paediatric patients. However, the significant radiation exposure relating to fluoroscopy (whether fixed or mobile) is less well documented in children. We recommend implementing steps to minimise radiation exposure by optimisation and avoidance of certain modalities where possible. Paediatrics urologists must employ strategies to minimise radiation exposure in children with urolithiasis, given the significant exposures encountered.