Comparative morphofunctional analysis of axial skeleton excluding the skull of primates based on the anatomical, radiographic, and tomographic description of the black‐striped capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus Spix, 1823)

Comparative anatomy the basis for studies of evolution, and radiographic and tomographic aspects, as auxiliary methods in the investigation of anatomical particularities, reinforce evolutionary research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the vertebrae, sternum, and ribs of the capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) by means of anatomical dissection and radiographic and tomographic images. To this purpose, four cadavers were used in the anatomical analysis and five living animals for the imaging exams. The bones were described and compared with data from other primates species found in literature. Student's t‐test for independent samples was performed. The vertebral column of the comprises seven cervical, 13 or 14 thoracic, five or six lumbar, two or three sacral, and 23 or 24 caudal vertebrae. The atlas is characterized by three foramina on the wing. The seventh cervical vertebra had a transverse foramen in one specimen. The anticlinal vertebra is always the penultimate thoracic one, the ninth pair of ribs is always the last sternal pair, and the last two are buoyant. The sternal was composed of five or six sternebrae. The lumbar vertebrae showed a bifurcated spinous process. Three different sacral morphologies were observed. The structures identified macroscopically could be well determined through radiographic and tomographic images. S. libidinosus presented anatomical characteristics more similar to those of man and of platirrinos monkeys. The knowledge obtained by macroscopic anatomy and tomographic and radiological exams contributes significantly to comparative evolutionary studies. Three different sacral morphologies identified in the Sapajus libidinosus of the study. Highlights 1. The vertebral column of Sapajus libidinosus consists of seven cervical vertebrae, 13 or 14 thoracic, five or six lumbar, two or three sacral, and 23 or 24 caudal vertebrae, accounting for an average of between 51 and 54 vertebrae in total. 2. One animal in the study presented, in the seventh cervical vertebra, a transverse foramen and two ends in the transverse process, the dorsal and ventral tubercle. 3. The sacrum showed three types of different morphologies among the study animals.