Higher levels of the lipophilic antioxidants coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E in long‐lived termite queens than in short‐lived workers

Termite queens and kings live longer than nonreproductive workers. Several molecular mechanisms contributing to their long lifespan have been investigated; however, the underlying biochemical explanation remains unclear. Coenzyme Q (CoQ), a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, plays an essential role in the lipophilic antioxidant defense system. Its beneficial effects on health and longevity have been well studied in several organisms. Herein, we demonstrated that long‐lived termite queens have significantly higher levels of the lipophilic antioxidant CoQ10 than workers. Liquid chromatography analysis revealed that the levels of the reduced form of CoQ10 were 4 fold higher in the queen's body than in the worker's body. In addition, queens showed 7 fold higher levels of vitamin E, which plays a role in antilipid peroxidation along with CoQ, than workers. Furthermore, the oral administration of CoQ10 to termites increased the CoQ10 redox state in the body and their survival rate under oxidative stress. These findings suggest that CoQ10 acts as an efficient lipophilic antioxidant along with vitamin E in long‐lived termite queens. This study provides essential biochemical and evolutionary insights into the relationship between CoQ10 concentrations and termite lifespan extension. Coenzyme Q (CoQ) plays an essential role in the antioxidant defense system in organisms, and its beneficial effects on health and longevity have been well studied. However, the contribution of CoQ to longevity mechanisms in long‐lived species remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed CoQ in the termite Reticulitermes speratus and observed that long‐lived termite queens have significantly higher levels of reduced CoQ10 (ubiquinol‐10) than short‐lived workers. Furthermore, CoQ10 acts in vivo as an antioxidant that markedly improves termite survival under oxidative stress.