Upregulation of CD226 on subsets of T cells and NK cells is associated with upregulated adhesion molecules and cytotoxic factors in patients with tuberculosis

•CD226 expression was up-regulated on NK cells and T cell subsets in tuberculosis patients.•CD226+-CD3+CD8+ T cells might be a potential predictor of tuberculosis occurrence.•CD226+-CD3+CD4+ T cells and -CD56dimCD16+ NK cells displayed a higher level of IFN-γ, and CD226+-CD3+CD4+, -CD3+CD8+T cells and -CD56dimCD16+ NK cells displayed a higher level of CD107a production from tuberculosis patients.•CD226+-CD3+CD4+ T cells and CD56dimCD16+ NK cells tended to mediate cytotoxicity for disease progression. Human T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are major effector cells of innate immunity exerting potential immune surveillance against tuberculosis infection. CD226 is an activating receptor playing vital roles in the functions of T cells and NK cells during HIV infection and tumorigenesis. However, CD226 is a less-studied activating receptor during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. In this study, we used peripheral blood from tuberculosis patients and healthy donors to evaluate CD226 immunoregulation functions from two independent cohorts using Flow cytometry. Here, we found that a subset of T cells and NK cells that constitutively express CD226 exhibit a distinct phenotype in TB patients. In fact, the proportions of CD226+ and CD226- cell subsets differ between healthy people and tuberculosis patients, and the expression of immune checkpoint molecules (TIGIT, NKG2A) and adhesion molecules (CD2, CD11a) in CD226+ and CD226- subsets of T cells and NK cells exhibits special regulatory roles. Furthermore, CD226+ subsets produced more IFN-γ and CD107a than CD226- subsets in tuberculosis patients. Our results imply that CD226 may be a potential predictor of disease progression and clinical efficacy in tuberculosis by mediating the cytotoxic capacity of T cells and NK cells.