Decoding the transcriptome of muscular dystrophy due to Ptrf deficiency using single‐nucleus RNA sequencing

Lacking PTRF (polymerase I and transcript release factor), an essential caveolae component, causes a secondary deficiency of caveolins resulting in muscular dystrophy. The transcriptome responses of different types of muscle fibers and mononuclear cells in skeletal muscle to muscular dystrophy caused by Ptrf deletion have not been explored. Here, we created muscular dystrophy mice by Ptrf knockout and applied single‐nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA‐seq) to unveil the transcriptional changes of the skeletal muscle at single‐nucleus resolution. 11 613 muscle nuclei (WT, 5838; Ptrf KO, 5775) were classified into 12 clusters corresponding to 11 nuclear types. Trajectory analysis revealed the potential transition between type IIb_1 and IIb_2 myonuclei upon muscular dystrophy. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that apoptotic signaling and enzyme‐linked receptor protein signaling pathway were significantly enriched in type IIb_1 and IIb_2 myonuclei of Ptrf KO, respectively. The muscle structure development and the PI3K‐AKT signaling pathway were significantly enriched in type IIa and IIx myonuclei of Ptrf KO. Meanwhile, metabolic pathway analysis showed a decrease in overall metabolic pathway activity of myonuclei subtypes upon muscular dystrophy, with the most decrease in type IIb_1 myonuclei. Gene regulatory network analysis found that the activity of Mef2c, Mef2d, Myf5, and Pax3 regulons was enhanced in type II myonuclei of Ptrf KO, especially in type IIb_2 myonuclei. In addition, we investigated the transcriptome changes in adipocytes and found that muscular dystrophy enhanced the lipid metabolic capacity of adipocytes. Our findings provide a valuable resource for exploring the molecular mechanism of muscular dystrophy due to Ptrf deficiency. Graphical depicts the impact of muscular dystrophy due to Ptrf deficiency on muscle transcriptome. Ptrf knockout significantly upregulates terms related to “regulation of cytokine production,” “inflammatory response,” and “extracellular matrix” in the quadriceps (Qua) and soleus (Sol). Single‐nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA‐seq) reveals changes in the transcriptome, metabolic pathway activity, and gene regulatory network of type II myonuclei subtypes upon muscular dystrophy due to Ptrf deficiency. Meanwhile, the lipid metabolic capacity of adipocytes is enhanced in response to muscular dystrophy.